Clinical Pharmacist and Master’s student in Clinical Pharmacy with research interests in pharmacovigilance, behavioral interventions in mental health, and AI applications in clinical decision support. Experience includes digital health research with Bloomsbury Health (London) and pharmacovigilance practice in patient support programs. Published work covers drug awareness among healthcare providers, postpartum depression management, and patient safety reporting. 
Clinical Pharmacist and Master’s student in Clinical Pharmacy with research interests in pharmacovigilance, behavioral interventions in mental health, and AI applications in clinical decision support. Experience includes digital health research with Bloomsbury Health (London) and pharmacovigilance practice in patient support programs. Published work covers drug awareness among healthcare providers, postpartum depression management, and patient safety reporting. What was studied?
This study investigated lead and cadmium contamination in a large convenience sample of commercially available baby foods and infant formulas sold in the United States. The primary aim was to quantify the concentrations of these heavy metals across 564 products and determine the proportion of products that exceeded established regulatory or health-based limits, including those set by the US FDA, California Proposition 65, and the World Health Organization (WHO). The researchers also sought to identify food types and specific ingredients associated with elevated heavy metal levels, comparing organic and conventional products, and providing exposure estimates based on typical infant consumption patterns. The focus keyphrase “lead and cadmium in US baby food” is central to understanding exposures relevant for heavy metal certification programs and consumer safety.
Who was studied?
The study examined 564 baby food products, sourced from Denver, Colorado, but selected to reflect a broad cross-section of the US market by including top-selling brands from conventional, natural/organic supermarkets, and online retailers. Categories included infant formulas, toddler formulas, cereals, meals, juices/drinks, jars, pouches, snacks, and electrolyte solutions. The products represented both organic and conventional items across a diversity of ingredients, brands, and retail channels. No human or animal subjects were directly studied; instead, the study modeled infant exposures based on recommended consumption volumes for infants at various ages and weights, focusing on the sensitive population of infants and toddlers.
Most important findings
| Critical Points | Details |
|---|---|
| Detection rates | Lead was quantifiable in 37% and cadmium in 57% of 564 samples. |
| Exceedance of limits | 22% of infant formulas exceeded California Proposition 65 lead limits, 23% exceeded Prop 65 cadmium limits, and 14% exceeded the WHO tolerable daily cadmium intake for a 4-month-old. For solid foods, up to 34% exceeded Prop 65 lead limits in a 300-calorie serving. |
| FDA guideline exceedances | No infant formulas exceeded the FDA provisional lead limit (6 μg/day), but 3% of solid foods did in a 300-calorie serving. 2% of solid foods exceeded the WHO cadmium limit for a 9 kg baby. |
| Ingredient associations | Products containing rice, quinoa, wheat, and oats had the highest cadmium and lead concentrations. Rice and sweet potatoes were particularly associated with elevated lead. Rice was found in 10% of all samples, and up to 50% of snack products. |
| Organic vs. conventional | No significant difference in lead or cadmium concentrations between organic and conventional products. |
| Product types | Cereals, snacks, and kids’ meals had the highest concentrations of both metals. |
| Exposure estimates | Even with low median concentrations, chronic daily exposures can exceed strict health-based guidelines, particularly with repetitive consumption of grain-based foods. |
Key implications
The findings reveal that lead and cadmium in US baby food are frequently detectable, with a substantial proportion of products, especially those containing rice or grains, exceeding California’s and WHO’s most protective limits. Organic status does not reduce risk. For certification programs, ingredient selection and supplier controls are key to minimizing exposure.
Citation
Gardener H, Bowen J, Callan SP. Lead and cadmium contamination in a large sample of United States infant formulas and baby foods. Science of the Total Environment. 2019;651:822-827. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.026
Lead is a neurotoxic heavy metal with no safe exposure level. It contaminates food, consumer goods and drinking water, causing cognitive deficits, birth defects and cardiovascular disease. HMTC’s rigorous lead testing applies ALARA principles to protect infants and consumers and to prepare brands for tightening regulations.
Cadmium is a persistent heavy metal that accumulates in kidneys and bones. Dietary sources include cereals, cocoa, shellfish and vegetables, while smokers and industrial workers receive higher exposures. Studies link cadmium to kidney dysfunction, bone fractures and cancer.
