Heavy Metals in Chicken Breast – What You Should Know

Chicken (Breast) – What to Know

Chicken breast is generally low in toxic heavy metals compared to many other foods. However, trace amounts of metals can be present due to environmental and feed exposures. Historical use of arsenic-based drugs in poultry feed (now discontinued) introduced arsenic residues in chicken, but current commercial chicken meat usually has no detectable or only minimal levels of most heavy metals.^[1] Variability exists based on farming practices and environment – for example, chickens raised on contaminated soil or water can accumulate more metals. Overall, chicken (breast) is not considered a significant dietary source of heavy metals under normal conditions.

Why Metals May Be Present in Chicken Breast

Heavy metals can find their way into chickens primarily through the birds’ environment and feed. Chickens peck at soil and eat feed crops, so any contaminants in soil or feed grains (from polluted water, fertilisers, or industrial fallout) may accumulate in their tissues.^[2] In the past, some U.S. poultry feed contained arsenic-based additives (e.g. roxarsone) to promote growth and prevent disease; this led to arsenic residues (inorganic arsenic, the toxic form) in chicken meat and especially liver.^[3] These drug uses have since been phased out, drastically reducing arsenic levels in modern chicken.^[4]

Other metals like lead and cadmium might come from environmental pollutants – for instance, chickens foraging on lead-contaminated soil (near old paint or industrial areas) can accumulate lead in organs and meat.^[5] Cadmium can enter via feed crops grown in cadmium-rich soils (often from phosphate fertilisers).^[6] Mercury is not naturally high in chickens (unlike in fish), but trace amounts could occur if feed ingredients like fishmeal are contaminated.^[7]Nickel and chromium could be picked up from soil or water as well, though they are not commonly measured in poultry. Tin is unique in that it’s usually not in fresh chicken at all – but if chicken is canned, tin from the metal can lining can leach into the food, especially if cans corrode.^[8]Aluminium might enter chicken products through certain processing steps or packaging (for example, use of aluminium equipment or additives), but meat itself isn’t a major accumulator of aluminum.^[9]

Crucially, heavy metal content can vary by product type and region. Chicken liver and kidney (offal) tend to have higher metal concentrations than breast muscle, since these organs filter and accumulate metals.^[10] Meanwhile, chicken breast in fresh or frozen form typically has very low levels; in canned or preserved forms, any concern would likely relate to packaging (tin from cans) rather than the chicken itself. In summary, while chicken breast is generally a low-risk food for heavy metal exposure, metals can be present in small amounts due to feed, water, soil, or processing influences.

Metals Overview in Chicken Breast

Metal	Why it Appears in Chicken	Relevant Form(s)	Evidence Strength	Notes on Forms
Lead (Pb)	Ingested via contaminated soil/feed; legacy pollution (e.g., leaded paint/fuel).[11]	Pb(II)	Moderate – Rarely detected in chicken[12]; elevated levels only near pollution sources.[13]	Fresh: Breast negligible. Organs: The liver and kidneys store more. Canned: No added risk.
Cadmium (Cd)	Enters via feed crops/mineral additives from Cd-rich soils.[14]	Cd(II)	Moderate – Usually undetectable[15]; higher in organs; EU max: 0.05 mg/kg.[16]	Fresh: Breast negligible. Organs: The liver and kidneys store more. Canned: No added risk.
Arsenic (As)	Previously from arsenic-based feed drugs (roxarsone); environmental sources.[17][18]	Inorganic As (iAs)	High – Roxarsone use raised iAs 4× ;[19] now withdrawn[20]; current levels very low.[21]	Fresh: iAs not detected today.[22] Organs: Liver > breast; past tolerance: 2 ppm liver.[23] Backyard/imported: Higher risk if drugs/water are contaminated.
Mercury (Hg)	Trace via fishmeal, atmospheric fallout. Chickens inefficient Hg accumulators.	Inorganic Hg; minimal MeHg	Limited – Very low or undetectable; poultry ≠ significant Hg source[24]; e.g. 0.05 mg/kg in liver.[25]	Fresh: Negligible Hg. Feed: Fishmeal may slightly increase Hg levels. No poultry-specific limits; fish MLs apply.[26]
Nickel (Ni)	From soil, feed, or stainless steel equipment; rare direct data.	Ni(II)	Limited – Scarce data; dietarily minor source.[27] No EU ML for meat.[28]	All forms: Low accumulation. Utensils: Acid + steel = trace Ni. Rarely measured.
Tin (Sn)	Only from canned packaging; not inherent to chicken.[29]	Inorganic tin	Moderate – Tin leaches into canned foods; regulated: 200 mg/kg (Codex/EU), 50 mg/kg in infant foods.[30]	Fresh: No Sn. Canned: Drain/rinse to reduce tin.[31] Avoid damaged cans.
Aluminum (Al)	Minor via additives or leaching from foil/pans during cooking.[32]	Al(III)	Limited – Chicken not a major Al source [33]; EFSA: grains, veggies, tea contribute more.[34]	All forms: Minimal Al. Cooking: Avoid acidic marinades in foil. Additives: Trace in processed foods.
Chromium (Cr)	Natural Cr(III) in feed; Cr(VI) rare, from industrial pollution.[35]	Cr(III); Cr(VI) (toxic)	Limited – Typical form is Cr(III)[36]; intake far below safe levels[37] ; Cr(VI) rare, localized.	All forms: Trace Cr(III) only. Cr(VI) a concern only near polluted water.[38] No added risk from processing.

Evidence strength legend: High – strong data that the metal is present/monitored in this food (multiple studies or regulatory reports); Moderate – some evidence of occurrence, but generally low levels or infrequent detection; Limited – scarce data or only isolated findings, metal not commonly found in this food; Unknown – essentially no information available (in practice we use “Limited” here for minimal data).

Regulations & Monitoring Snapshot (US & EU)

Regulatory limits: Chicken meat is subject to general heavy metal standards. In the European Union, maximum levels (MLs) are set for certain metals in meats: for example, lead in poultry muscle is limited to 0.10 mg/kg and cadmium to 0.05 mg/kg (wet weight).^[39] These limits ensure even the rare high-metal chicken would not enter the market. The EU does not set specific arsenic or mercury limits for chicken meat, reflecting that levels are typically negligible (arsenic MLs exist for rice, juices, etc., and mercury MLs exist for fish, but none for meat).^[40] The EU limits inorganic tin in canned foods at 200 mg/kg, and a stricter 50 mg/kg for canned infant foods,^[41] to prevent excessive tin from packaging.

In the United States, there are no commodity-specific heavy metal limits for chicken meat beyond the general adulteration standard (food containing unsafe levels of metals cannot be sold). However, historically, the FDA set tolerances for arsenic in poultry when arsenical drugs were used: 0.5 ppm in chicken muscle and 2 ppm in liver (total arsenic) were allowed.^[42] Those tolerances became moot after arsenic-containing drugs were withdrawn. The USDA Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) monitors heavy metals in meat and poultry through the National Residue Program. Recent FSIS surveillance (2017–2022) found that metals like lead, cadmium, and arsenic are rarely, if ever, detected in chicken at slaughter or retail^[43] – practically all samples are well below any concerning level. This indicates the current food supply meets safety standards, with substantial margins.

Enforcement and oversight: If a random test finds a chicken sample with metal levels above guidelines (for example, above the EU limit or any action level), it would be considered adulterated. Such incidents are unusual. Both the US and EU have frameworks to investigate and correct the source (be it contaminated feed, farm soil, or processing contamination) if a violation occurs.

Codex (global standards): The Codex Alimentarius (international food standards) aligns with these protections. Codex guideline levels for lead in meat are also 0.1 mg/kg,^[44] and it provides codes of practice to minimize contamination. These global standards guide countries that lack their own regulations.

Bottom line: Regulatory agencies in the US, EU, and internationally have assessed chicken as a low-risk food for heavy metal exposure. Ongoing monitoring programs continue to verify that chicken (breast) on the market remains well within safe limits for heavy metals.

Practical Considerations for Consumers

While heavy metal content in chicken breast is generally very low, here are some practical, evidence-informed tips to further minimise any exposure and ensure quality:

Choose Reputable Sources: Purchase chicken from suppliers or brands that adhere to safety and quality standards. Large commercial producers in the US/EU are subject to regular inspection for contaminants.^[45] If you obtain chicken from a local farm or you raise backyard chickens, be mindful of the environment – chickens foraging on lead-painted backyards or near industrial sites could pick up contaminants. Testing soil and ensuring clean feed/water can mitigate this.

Mind the Organs: If you consume other parts of the chicken beyond the breast, note that livers and kidneys tend to accumulate more heavy metals.^[46] Occasional consumption of chicken liver is fine (it’s nutritious), but avoid over-consuming organ meats from any animal if you are concerned about metals. For example, alternating liver with other protein sources can reduce the potential cumulative intake of metals like cadmium or lead that concentrate in organs.

Canned Chicken Tips: When using canned chicken (or chicken soups), drain and rinse the meat if possible. This can wash away any dissolved tin or other residues from the can. Always check that cans aren’t bulging, rusted, or way past their best-by date – compromised cans can have interior corrosion leading to higher tin levels.^[47] Transferring leftovers from an open can to a glass or plastic container for storage is also wise (don’t leave food in an open tin can in the fridge).

Cooking and Cookware: Cooking chicken with normal methods (baking, grilling, boiling) does not create or destroy heavy metals – whatever trace metals are in the meat will remain. You can’t “cook out” metals, but the levels are already very low. However, avoid cooking or marinating acidic recipes (e.g. vinegar or tomato-based marinades for chicken) in aluminium pots or foil for extended periods. Acid can cause aluminium or nickel to leach from cookware.^[48] Use glass, ceramic, or stainless steel for marinating or slow-cooking acidic dishes. Similarly, if using cast iron or ceramic-coated cookware, ensure they are in good condition (no chipping), though these primarily pose a risk of iron or lead (in old ceramics) rather than the metals discussed here.

Balanced Diet for Infants and Children: If you’re a parent using infant chicken purees or making your own, rest assured that chicken is a low-metal food and a good iron/zinc source. Just be sure to vary your baby’s diet. The main heavy metal concerns in baby foods have been with rice, sweet potatoes, and fruit juices,^[49][50] not meats. Offering a variety (including chicken, other meats, grains, veggies) helps ensure no single food dominates the child’s exposure. Also, opt for baby food brands that have committed to heavy metal testing (many have, in response to recent reports).

Avoidance of Contaminated Areas: This is more relevant if raising your own chickens or sourcing from hobby farms – ensure chickens are not roaming in areas with known heavy metal contamination (near old lead battery dumps, mining areas, etc.). The phrase “you are what you eat” applies: chickens in a clean environment yield clean meat. If unsure, you can have feed or soil tested, or simply stick to trusted commercial feeds, which are monitored for contaminants.

Trimming and Preparation: Removing the skin or excess fat from chicken breast will not particularly affect heavy metal content (metals aren’t specifically in the fat), but it can reduce exposure to any fat-soluble pollutants (which is a different issue). Washing raw chicken is not recommended for food safety reasons (it can spread bacteria and does not remove metals anyway – metals are inside the meat, not just on the surface). Cook chicken to proper temperatures for microbiological safety, and know that cooking has no significant effect on metal levels except in special cases (one study noted that cooking chicken containing roxarsone reduced the roxarsone but could increase inorganic arsenic slightly as the compound transforms^[50] – again, that scenario is largely historical).

In summary, standard kitchen practices and a bit of common sense (like storing food properly and maintaining a varied diet) are all that’s needed – there is no special treatment required to make chicken breast “safe” from heavy metals, as it’s already a low-risk food in this regard.

How do heavy metals get into chicken meat in the first place?

The main pathways are through the environment and feed. Chickens can ingest metals present in their feed (grains or mineral supplements that have metals from the soil) or from pecking dirt/soil. If the soil or water on a farm has contaminants (say, lead from old paint or arsenic naturally in well water), some of that can end up in the chicken’s body.^[51] Another historical route was the deliberate use of arsenic-based feed additives (no longer used in many countries) which left arsenic residues in chickens.^[52] Metals are elements – chickens don’t create them, they can only accumulate what they’re exposed to. Modern farming and feed regulations aim to minimize these exposures (e.g. feed ingredients are sourced from non-polluted regions), which is why current levels are so low.

Is chicken breast safer than other meats or fish when it comes to heavy metals?

Generally, yes. Chicken (especially the lean breast) tends to have lower heavy metal levels than many other protein foods. For example, fish can accumulate methylmercury – a predatory fish like tuna or swordfish can have mercury levels far higher than anything found in chicken.^[53] Certain shellfish can have higher arsenic or cadmium. Even some plant-based foods can contain more heavy metals (lead, cadmium, etc.) than chicken if grown in contaminated soil. Among meats, levels are typically low across the board, but organs of beef/pork can have more cadmium/lead than chicken muscle. Chicken’s quick growth cycle (broilers reach market weight in ~6-8 weeks) means they have less time to accumulate contaminants compared to older animals. So, as a protein source, chicken (breast) is considered a low-risk choice for heavy metal exposure.^[54] Of course, overall “safety” also depends on cooking (microbial safety) and nutritional balance, but in terms of toxic metals, chicken breast is on the safer end.

I heard arsenic was fed to chickens – is there arsenic in my store-bought chicken?

In the past (several years ago), some farmers did use arsenic-based drugs in poultry feed, which did lead to arsenic residues in chicken. However, those drug additives (like roxarsone) have been voluntarily withdrawn and banned in the US and EU.^[55] Studies during that time showed chickens given arsenic feed had slightly higher inorganic arsenic in meat^[56], but since 2015 these compounds are no longer used in U.S. poultry, and similarly not used in the EU. Modern store-bought chicken in these regions has essentially no elevated arsenic from feed. Any arsenic present would be at background trace levels from the environment (usually so low that it’s difficult to detect). For example, an FDA study suggested chicken meat arsenic should be well below 1 µg per kg^[57] – and today’s chicken meets that. If you are sourcing chicken from countries where regulations differ, it’s worth checking if arsenical drugs are still in use there. But by and large, in the U.S., EU, and many other parts of the world, chicken producers do not use those additives anymore. The result is that arsenic in store-bought chicken is not a notable concern now.

Are chicken livers high in heavy metals? Should I avoid eating them?

Chicken livers (and other organ meats) can have higher concentrations of certain metals than chicken breast. The liver is a filtration organ, so it can accumulate things like arsenic, cadmium, or lead over time.^[58] In commercial chickens (young broilers), the levels are still generally within safe limits – for instance, EU standards allow up to 0.5 mg/kg cadmium in liver^[59], and typical chicken livers might be below that. Moderate consumption of chicken liver (which is rich in nutrients like iron and vitamin A) is fine for most people. But if one eats large quantities of liver very frequently, it could contribute more to one’s heavy metal intake than chicken breast would. So, if you enjoy liver, you don’t need to avoid it entirely – just eat it in moderation, and perhaps not every single day. This is similar to advice for other animal livers as well. Pregnant people are often advised to limit liver intake (though that is more due to high vitamin A, not heavy metals). In summary: chicken liver does contain more heavy metals than chicken breast, but for most people who eat liver occasionally, it’s not a significant health risk. Diversifying your diet is always a good practice.

Does organic or free-range chicken have less heavy metal than conventional chicken?

Not necessarily in a clear-cut way. Organic chicken is not allowed to use antibiotics or arsenic-based drugs, which is good (no arsenic drugs), but conventional producers in the US/EU aren’t using arsenic drugs anymore either. Heavy metal content is more about the environment (soil, feed) than the farming style. An organic chicken could be raised on land with slightly higher soil metals (for example, some organic farms use natural fertilizers that might have metals, or the soil could just be high in certain minerals), whereas a conventional indoor-raised chicken might have controlled feed inputs. That said, both organic and conventional producers test feed and avoid known contaminants. Free-range chickens that peck outdoors might ingest more soil or bugs, which could have metals if the soil is contaminated – but if it’s clean soil, that’s not an issue. There isn’t strong evidence that organic chickens universally have lower heavy metal levels than non-organic. Both should be very low. If heavy metal content is a concern, what matters more is the specific farm’s environmental conditions. The average consumer can be reassured that whether organic or not, chicken is monitored and in compliance with safety standards. Choosing organic has other potential benefits (like animal welfare or absence of certain chemicals), but on heavy metals alone, both are comparably low.

Is there anything I can do when cooking or preparing chicken to reduce any potential heavy metals?

There’s no special technique needed, as chicken breast doesn’t harbour much heavy metal to begin with. Standard food prep like trimming fat/skin or cooking thoroughly is aimed at nutrition and killing germs, not heavy metals. Heavy metals are elements that can’t be destroyed by cooking. They also aren’t mostly sitting on the surface (they’re distributed in tissues), so marinating or washing won’t remove them (plus, we don’t recommend washing raw chicken due to bacterial spread). One thing you can do is use proper cookware: for example, cook acidic dishes in inert cookware (glass or stainless steel) rather than aluminium, to prevent metals from the pot leaching in.^[60] But that’s more about not adding metals during cooking. The chicken itself arrives with very low metal content, and there’s nothing inherent in cooking that reduces it (nor does cooking increase it, aside from the minor case of converting any arsenic drug residues as mentioned earlier). So, the simple answer is that no special steps are needed on your part with chicken. Focus on general food safety – cook to 165°F (74°C) internally to kill bacteria – and enjoy your chicken as part of a balanced diet. If you pair chicken with other foods (like rice or vegetables), just be mindful to rinse rice (for arsenic reduction in rice) or peel root veggies (to remove surface soil that could have metals). These general practices help lower heavy metals in the meal overall, even if the chicken isn’t the concern.

References

1. A survey of the levels of selected metals in U.S. meat, poultry and Siluriformes fish samples taken at slaughter and retail, 2017-2022.. USDA Food Safety and Inspection Service.. (Journal of Food Protection, February 23, 2024)
2. Heavy metal toxicity in poultry: a comprehensive review. Aljohani ASM.. (Frontiers in Veterinary Science. 2023)
3. Poultry Drug Increases Levels of Toxic Arsenic in Chicken Meat. Nachman KE, Baron PA, Raber G, Francesconi KA, Navas-Acien A, Love DC.. (Environmental Health Perspectives. Published online May 11, 2013)
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8. Spectrofluorimetric determination of tin in canned foods.. Manzoori JL, Amjadi M, Abolhasani D.. (J Hazard Mater. 2006)
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12. A survey of the levels of selected metals in U.S. meat, poultry and Siluriformes fish samples taken at slaughter and retail, 2017-2022.. USDA Food Safety and Inspection Service.. (Journal of Food Protection, February 23, 2024)
13. Human health risk assessment of edible body parts of chicken through heavy metals and trace elements quantitative analysis.. Hossain E, Nesha M, Chowdhury MAZ, Rahman SH.. (PLoS One. 2023)
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17. Arsenic-based Animal Drugs and Poultry.. U.S. Food and Drug Administration.. (FDA website. April 29, 2022)
18. Arsenic-based Animal Drugs and Poultry.. U.S. Food and Drug Administration.. (FDA website. April 29, 2022)
19. Poultry Drug Increases Levels of Toxic Arsenic in Chicken Meat. Nachman KE, Baron PA, Raber G, Francesconi KA, Navas-Acien A, Love DC.. (Environmental Health Perspectives. Published online May 11, 2013)
20. Arsenic-based Animal Drugs and Poultry.. U.S. Food and Drug Administration.. (FDA website. April 29, 2022)
21. Poultry Drug Increases Levels of Toxic Arsenic in Chicken Meat. Nachman KE, Baron PA, Raber G, Francesconi KA, Navas-Acien A, Love DC.. (Environmental Health Perspectives. Published online May 11, 2013)
22. Arsenic-based Animal Drugs and Poultry.. U.S. Food and Drug Administration.. (FDA website. April 29, 2022)
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28. General Standard for Contaminants and Toxins in Food and Feed (CXS 193-1995): Lead (total). Codex Alimentarius Commission.. (Rome: FAO/WHO; 1995. (JECFA toxicological note references the 73rd meeting, 2010; specific update year for the Lead entry not provided in the supplied text.))
29. Spectrofluorimetric determination of tin in canned foods.. Manzoori JL, Amjadi M, Abolhasani D.. (J Hazard Mater. 2006)
30. Commission Regulation (EU) 2023/915 of 25 April 2023 on maximum levels for certain contaminants in food and repealing Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006.. European Commission.. (Official Journal of the European Union. 2023)
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32. EFSA Advises on the Safety of Aluminium in Food. European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). ).. (European Food Safety Authority, (2008, July 15))
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34. EFSA Advises on the Safety of Aluminium in Food. European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). ).. (European Food Safety Authority, (2008, July 15))
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36. Metals as contaminants in food.. European Food Safety Authority. (EFSA)
37. Metals as contaminants in food.. European Food Safety Authority. (EFSA)
38. Metals as contaminants in food.. European Food Safety Authority. (EFSA)
39. Commission Regulation (EU) 2023/915 of 25 April 2023 on maximum levels for certain contaminants in food and repealing Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006.. European Commission.. (Official Journal of the European Union. 2023)
40. General Standard for Contaminants and Toxins in Food and Feed (CXS 193-1995): Lead (total). Codex Alimentarius Commission.. (Rome: FAO/WHO; 1995. (JECFA toxicological note references the 73rd meeting, 2010; specific update year for the Lead entry not provided in the supplied text.))
41. Commission Regulation (EU) 2023/915 of 25 April 2023 on maximum levels for certain contaminants in food and repealing Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006.. European Commission.. (Official Journal of the European Union. 2023)
42. The harmful effects of arsenic-based feed additives in poultry production.. Whitney C.. (Drake J Agric Law. 2008)
43. A survey of the levels of selected metals in U.S. meat, poultry and Siluriformes fish samples taken at slaughter and retail, 2017-2022.. USDA Food Safety and Inspection Service.. (Journal of Food Protection, February 23, 2024)
44. General Standard for Contaminants and Toxins in Food and Feed (CXS 193-1995): Lead (total). Codex Alimentarius Commission.. (Rome: FAO/WHO; 1995. (JECFA toxicological note references the 73rd meeting, 2010; specific update year for the Lead entry not provided in the supplied text.))
45. A survey of the levels of selected metals in U.S. meat, poultry and Siluriformes fish samples taken at slaughter and retail, 2017-2022.. USDA Food Safety and Inspection Service.. (Journal of Food Protection, February 23, 2024)
46. Heavy metal toxicity in poultry: a comprehensive review. Aljohani ASM.. (Frontiers in Veterinary Science. 2023)
47. Investigation of heavy metal levels in canned tomato paste, olives, and pickled. Shavali-gilani P, Abedini A, Irshad N, Maleknezhad S, Yazdanfar N, Sadighara P.. (Scientific Reports. 2025)
48. EFSA Advises on the Safety of Aluminium in Food. European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). ).. (European Food Safety Authority, (2008, July 15))
49. EFSA Advises on the Safety of Aluminium in Food. European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). ).. (European Food Safety Authority, (2008, July 15))
50. Poultry Drug Increases Levels of Toxic Arsenic in Chicken Meat. Nachman KE, Baron PA, Raber G, Francesconi KA, Navas-Acien A, Love DC.. (Environmental Health Perspectives. Published online May 11, 2013)
51. Heavy metal toxicity in poultry: a comprehensive review. Aljohani ASM.. (Frontiers in Veterinary Science. 2023)
52. Poultry Drug Increases Levels of Toxic Arsenic in Chicken Meat. Nachman KE, Baron PA, Raber G, Francesconi KA, Navas-Acien A, Love DC.. (Environmental Health Perspectives. Published online May 11, 2013)
53. Metals as contaminants in food.. European Food Safety Authority. (EFSA)
54. A survey of the levels of selected metals in U.S. meat, poultry and Siluriformes fish samples taken at slaughter and retail, 2017-2022.. USDA Food Safety and Inspection Service.. (Journal of Food Protection, February 23, 2024)
55. Arsenic-based Animal Drugs and Poultry.. U.S. Food and Drug Administration.. (FDA website. April 29, 2022)
56. Poultry Drug Increases Levels of Toxic Arsenic in Chicken Meat. Nachman KE, Baron PA, Raber G, Francesconi KA, Navas-Acien A, Love DC.. (Environmental Health Perspectives. Published online May 11, 2013)
57. Poultry Drug Increases Levels of Toxic Arsenic in Chicken Meat. Nachman KE, Baron PA, Raber G, Francesconi KA, Navas-Acien A, Love DC.. (Environmental Health Perspectives. Published online May 11, 2013)
58. Heavy metal toxicity in poultry: a comprehensive review. Aljohani ASM.. (Frontiers in Veterinary Science. 2023)
59. Commission Regulation (EU) 2023/915 of 25 April 2023 on maximum levels for certain contaminants in food and repealing Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006.. European Commission.. (Official Journal of the European Union. 2023)
60. EFSA Advises on the Safety of Aluminium in Food. European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). ).. (European Food Safety Authority, (2008, July 15))