Heavy Metal Remediation Techniques for Rice

Overview

Rice has a well-documented propensity to accumulate toxic heavy metals, especially inorganic arsenic (As) and cadmium (Cd), from paddy soil and irrigation water.^[1][2] Chronic consumption of contaminated rice poses carcinogenic(As) and nephrotoxic(Cd) risks, prompting regulators to set strict limits on these elements in rice products. ^[3][4]Lead (Pb) and mercury (Hg) are also of concern in some rice supply chains, though generally at lower levels than As and Cd.^[5] Targeted remediation and rigorous verification testing can markedly reduce heavy-metal levels in rice before products reach consumers. This proactive control is vital to prevent costly recalls, protect retailers’ reputation, and meet certification standards for heavy-metal safety. In short, heavy metal mitigation in rice – from field to final product – lowers public-health risk and financial liability by ensuring rice ingredients remain within safety specifications.^[6]

We identified rice as a worst-case ingredient for heavy metal contamination and focused on arsenic and cadmium as the primary metals of concern, given their high transfer from soil to rice grain.^[7] A literature search of PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science (2015–present) was conducted using combinations of terms like “rice arsenic cadmium prevalence”, “rice heavy metal remediation”, and “ICP-MS arsenic rice”. Only peer-reviewed journal articles were included, emphasizing recent systematic reviews and large surveillance studies for quantitative data. Seminal prior studies (e.g., on water management in rice paddies) were referenced to illustrate fundamental mechanisms.^[8] This article discusses contamination pathways for rice, on-farm and processing-stage remediation strategies, quality specification design, and the economic rationale for heavy metal controls.

Heavy-Metal Exposure Risk in Rice: Pathways, Concentration Ranges, and Modulating Factors

Rice is efficient at uptaking arsenic and cadmium from flooded paddy soils, making it a dominant dietary source of these metals in rice-consuming populations.^[9] Grain metal concentrations vary widely (over three orders of magnitude) across different geographies, cultivars, and farming conditions.^[10] Inorganic arsenic (the most toxic form) accumulates especially under continuous flooding with arsenic-rich irrigation water, while cadmium uptake is favored in aerobic or oxidizing soil conditions.^[11][12] Brown (unpolished) rice tends to carry higher heavy metal burdens than polished white rice due to metal partitioning in the bran layer.^[13] Table 1 summarizes key exposure drivers for heavy metals in rice and supporting evidence from recent studies.

Exposure Drivers and Evidence

Driver or pathway	Evidence (concentration, context, method)
Geogenic arsenic in paddy water/soil – Rice grown with arsenic-rich groundwater (e.g., Bengal Delta)	Polished rice inorganic As globally ranges from <2 to ~400 µg kg, median ~66 µg kg.[14] High-As irrigation causes many samples to exceed the 200 µg/kg limit for edible rice[15] (ICP-MS analysis).
Mining and industrial Cd pollution – Paddy soils contaminated by mining, smelters, or phosphate fertilizer Cd	Global white rice Cd spans <5 to 3712 µg kg (median 19 µg kg).[16] Chinese market rice (median 69 µg/kg Cd) is ~3× higher than the global median due to industrial pollution.[17] 5% of rice worldwide exceeds the EU Cd limit 200 µg/kg.[18]
Flooding vs. aerobic field conditions – Water management altering redox	Flood irrigation mobilizes soil As into porewater, raising grain As, whereas aerobic (upland) conditions increase grain Cd.[19] In Japan, fully flooded rice had much lower Cd but ~2× higher As than intermittently drained rice (ICP-MS, field trial).[20]
Rice cultivar and tissue type – Genetic uptake variation and grain fraction (bran vs endosperm)	Rice genotypes differ in grain Cd/As by up to an order of magnitude under identical soil conditions.[21] Brown rice (with bran) in the US showed median 217 µg/kg As and 17.4 µg/kg Cd vs 131 µg/kg As and 6.5 µg/kg Cd in white rice[22] (ICP-MS), reflecting metal accumulation in outer layers.
Soil chemistry (pH and iron oxides) – Acidic or low-Fe soils enhancing bioavailability	Low pH (acidic) paddy soils greatly increase Cd uptake; liming acidic soil significantly lowers grain Cd.[23] Iron-rich clays or oxides in soil can adsorb arsenic, reducing plant uptake; conversely, Fe-deficient soils allow more As bioavailability.[24][25]
Legacy agrochemicals or lead deposition – Residues of past arsenical pesticides or atmospheric Pb	Some rice fields carry legacy arsenic (formerly used arsenical herbicides), leading to elevated grain Arsenic, even in the absence of current inputs.[26][27] Surveys in China found rice Pb up to ~150 µg/kg in industrial regions,[28] though median Pb in rice is generally low (≈3–5 µg/kg).[29]

Table 1: Major drivers of heavy metal contamination in rice and representative evidence. Concentrations in µg/kg (dry weight basis). EU: European Union.

Remediation for Suppliers/Growers

On-farm interventions are the first line of defense to limit heavy metal uptake by rice. Suppliers and growers can implement agricultural controls to lower arsenic and cadmium bioavailability in the paddy environment before grain is harvested. These include choosing rice cultivars with lower metal accumulation, adjusting water management regimes, and amending soils to immobilize contaminants. The goal at the sourcing stage is to produce rice grain that inherently meets safety specifications, reducing downstream processing burdens. Table 2 outlines practical remediation steps for rice producers, with mechanisms and quantified effects from peer-reviewed studies.

Supplier/Grower Remediation Steps

Action	Mechanism and evidence (reduction, conditions)
Cultivar selection (low-accumulation varieties) – Use rice genotypes bred for minimal As/Cd uptake	Exploits genetic differences in uptake/transport genes (e.g., natural alleles for low Cd). Variations in grain Cd between cultivars can exceed 5-fold under the same soil.[30] Breeding knockout of a phosphate transporter reduced grain As ~50% in pot trials (ICP-MS).[31] Selecting inherently low-uptake varieties lowers grain metals at source.
Alternate irrigation (AWD) – Intermittent flooding and drying instead of continuous flood	Reduces arsenic loading by introducing aerobic periods while moderating Cd solubility. Field tests in Japan showed flooding only after rice heading cut grain Cd by ~50% compared to fully aerobic, yet kept total As increase modestly.[32] AWD management can thus lower Cd without a large As penalty, balancing redox effects.
Soil liming (pH correction) – Apply lime (CaCO₃) to raise acidic soil pH	Immobilizes cadmium as less soluble complexes in neutralized soil. In acidic paddies, liming yielded significant drops in rice Cd (e.g., −40–60% in grain Cd after pH increase).[33] Minimal impact on arsenic (which is less pH-sensitive).[34][35] Lime is a low-cost remediation effective for Cd hotspots.
Iron oxide or biochar amendment – Add Fe-rich materials or biochar to paddy soil	Binds arsenic and cadmium in situ, reducing plant uptake. Cross-site field experiments in China using rice-straw biochar saw continuous immobilization of Cd and Pb in soil and prevented their accumulation in rice grains.[36] Iron oxyhydroxide by-products applied to soil have cut grain iAs by 20–30% in pilot trials by adsorbing As.[37]
Clean water sourcing/filtration – Prevent irrigation with contaminated water	Mitigates the introduction of arsenic from groundwater. In Bangladesh, switching from As-rich tube wells to rain or treated water halved soil arsenic over time and reduced rice grain As by ~30–40% (survey data, AAS/ICP-MS).[38][39] Filtration of irrigation water for particulates can also remove Pb-bearing sediments.
Field mapping and segregation – Identify and isolate high-metal plots or soil layers	Targeted soil testing (for total As, Cd) across fields allows exclusion of “hotspot” areas from rice cultivation. For instance, spatial surveys in China showed certain plots with ~5× higher Cd in soil yielded rice >0.5 mg/kg Cd.[40] Removing or remediating such plots (or shallow contaminated topsoil) ensures only low-metal rice enters the supply.

Table 2: Supplier/grower-level strategies to reduce heavy metals in rice. Efficacy is given as an approximate reduction in grain metal content under stated conditions. AWD: alternate wetting and drying; AAS: atomic absorption spectroscopy; Fe: iron.

Remediation for Manufacturing Facilities and Brands

Post-harvest processing and manufacturing controls can further mitigate heavy metal content in rice ingredients. Food brands and processing facilities have opportunities to reduce metal levels through selective polishing, washing, leaching, and other unit operations. They also implement quality programs – like lot segregation and supplier qualification – to prevent high-metal rice from entering production. The following measures aim to remove or dilute contaminants during processing, as well as to ensure any residual heavy metals remain below specification through robust testing. Table 3 summarizes key manufacturing-stage controls with their purpose, validated parameters, and efficacy from studies.

Manufacturing/Brand controls

Processing step or program	Purpose and validation (reduction, parameters, verification)
Milling/polishing (bran removal) – Prefer polished white rice over brown rice in ingredients	Removes the outer bran layer where metals concentrate, thus lowering total As/Cd in the rice. Milling brown rice to white cuts inorganic As ~50%.[41][42] In U.S. rice, polishing reduced Cd from 17.4 to 6.5 µg/kg (median).[43] Verification: analyze brown vs white rice lots by ICP-MS to confirm ~2× lower heavy metal in polished.
Rinse washing and soaking – Wash raw rice or soak before cooking or grinding	Leaches out surface-bound and water-soluble arsenic[44] and removes particulate lead dust. Experiments show that thorough washing plus high water-volume cooking can reduce rice iAs by ~30–45%.[45][46] Key parameters: rinse until clear, cook at ≥6:1 water-to-rice ratio, discard wash water (validated by ICP-MS on leachate).
Parboil and absorb (PBA) method – Parboiling the rice in excess water, then absorbing moisture off-heat	Achieves maximal arsenic removal while retaining nutrients. A modified parboiling approach removed 73% of inorganic As from white rice (54% from brown) in lab tests.[47] Process: pre-boil rice in abundant water, drain, then finish by absorption in fresh water. Verification by lot: test iAs pre- vs post-PBA using ICP-OES to ensure >50% reduction.
Blending and lot segregation – Mix rice batches to dilute hotspots; segregate high-metal lots	Produces a homogenous product meeting specs by averaging out variability. For example, blending a 0.3 mg/kg As lot with a 0.1 mg/kg lot can yield a combined lot ~0.2 mg/kg (within limit). However, robust sampling is critical – composite testing of incoming sub-lots (n≥5) is done to ensure no small portion exceeds limits after blending.[48] Verified via statistically significant sampling plan (e.g., ISO 2859) and ICP-MS on composites.
Supplier qualification program – Approve rice suppliers with periodic heavy metal audits	Prevents the introduction of consistently high-As/Cd raw materials. For instance, sourcing from East Africa (median Cd ~5 µg/kg, As <10 µg/kg) yields inherently low-metal rice.[49] Program: audit supplier farms annually with multi-element ICP-MS tests on grain. Only suppliers under strict As/Cd limits are used. Verification: incoming lot testing to confirm the supplier’s compliance over time.
Sanitation and carryover prevention – Clean milling and processing equipment between lots	Avoids cross-contamination from residue or dust of high-metal rice to subsequent batches. Rice bran dust containing arsenic can cling to equipment; thorough wet-cleaning and aspiration between production runs has been shown to eliminate this carryover (no detectable increase in the next lot’s As by ICP).[50][51] Sanitizing hoppers, polishing machines, and storage bins between lots ensures no accumulation of metals in equipment over time.

Table 3: In-plant manufacturing controls to reduce or manage heavy metals in rice products. All reductions are measured on a dry weight basis. ICP-MS: inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry; ICP-OES: ICP optical emission spectrometry.

Verification Testing and Decision Rules

Manufacturers and retailers must design rice heavy metal specifications and testing protocols that effectively protect consumers, especially vulnerable groups like infants. A strong specification will define which metal species are measured, the units and limits, and the lot acceptance criteria (including any Acceptable Quality Level, AQL). Decision rules address how samples are taken (e.g., composite vs individual lot testing) and what actions to take if results exceed thresholds. Verification relies on validated analytical methods – typically ICP-MS or ICP-OES – capable of quantifying arsenic, cadmium, lead, and other metals at low concentrations (µg/kg levels). Table 4 outlines key elements of specification design and rationale, with supporting evidence or guidelines from the scientific literature.

Specification Design and Verification

Specification element	Rationale and support
Analyte panel: Inorganic As, total Cd/Pb (µg/kg) – Test specifically for inorganic arsenic rather than just total As	Inorganic As (arsenite + arsenate) is the carcinogenic fraction targeted by regulations.[52] Total As can overestimate risk if much is organic (e.g., DMA). Global surveys show iAs comprises ~50–80% of total As in rice;[53] hence spec should limit iAs (e.g., “≤150 µg/kg iAs”), while monitoring Cd and Pb on a total basis.
Lot acceptance criteria (infant vs general) – Define stricter limits for baby food applications	Infants are more sensitive, so specs align with lower regulatory limits.[54] For example, require rice ingredients for infant products to meet iAs <100 µg/kg (the EU infant cereal limit),[55] whereas adult rice might accept up to 200 µg/kg iAs (general Codex limit). Lots exceeding infant spec are rejected or diverted to non-infant use.
Sampling plan: composite vs individual lot testing – Use composite sampling cautiously	Composite testing (mixing subsamples) can reduce cost but may mask high-metal portions by dilution. Given high spatial variability (rice from one field 20 µg/kg vs adjacent field 630 µg/kg As in Brazil),[56] testing individual lots or multiple subsamples is recommended for critical products. If composite testing is used for screening, any detection nearing the limit triggers individual lot retests to identify outliers.
Acceptable Quality Limit (AQL) – Set a threshold for the percentage of lots allowed near the limit	For instance, AQL 1% at 150 µg/kg As might mean ≤1% of lots can fall in 150–200 µg/kg (below regulatory max) before triggering supplier review. This introduces a safety margin. It acknowledges minor natural variability but ensures the vast majority of lots are well within spec. Statistical confidence from global data (~5% of rice >200 µg/kg As[57]) supports choosing a low AQL to drive continuous improvement.
“Test and hold” release criteria – Only release rice lots after lab verification of metals	Prevents the distribution of non-conforming products. Each incoming rice lot is sampled and analyzed (e.g., ICP-MS with ~48-hour turnaround) before use. If results exceed spec, the lot is held and either rejected or blended down under controlled conditions. This practice is essential given that around 5% of global rice could otherwise breach standards,[58] representing an unacceptable risk if not tested before sale.

Table 4: Key elements in heavy metal specification and verification for rice ingredients. Specifications are set tightly for infant food safety. Composite sampling is used with care to avoid false compliance.

Business Case, Recall Prevention, and Certification Pathways for Rice Metals Control

Investing in upstream remediation and rigorous testing of rice can yield significant economic benefits for retailers and manufacturers by averting the high costs of product recalls and brand damage. Heavy metal recalls, although less frequent than microbiological ones, have occurred – notably in infant rice cereals – leading to unsaleable inventory and harm to brand reputation. The average direct cost of a food recall is estimated at around $10 million, not including secondary losses from lost sales and consumer trust.^[59] By contrast, preventive measures such as field segregation, thorough lot testing, and third-party heavy metal certification represent relatively small incremental costs that can dramatically reduce the probability of a recall event. Proactive heavy metal control also aligns with certification programs (e.g., heavy-metal-tested product seals) that signal quality to retailers and consumers, potentially providing a market advantage.

From a margin-protection standpoint, heavy metal mitigation can be viewed as an insurance investment. Pre-harvest interventions (like removing a contaminated field from a supplier’s portfolio) might reduce yield or increase sourcing costs slightly, but they avoid the scenario of an entire product line being withdrawn from retail due to one “hot” batch. Likewise, blending strategies and test-and-hold protocols may incur extra laboratory and logistics expenses, yet these ensure that out-of-spec rice never reaches store shelves. Table 5 highlights key economic decision points for heavy metal control in rice supply chains, contrasting their costs with the risk reduction benefits, supported by evidence or industry outcomes where available.

Economic levers and risk

Lever or decision	Cost/savings rationale and risk impact
Pre-harvest field segregation vs. post-harvest blending – Remove high-metal fields from the supply rather than dilute later	Cost: Testing and audit fees, higher ingredient cost from limited suppliers; Benefit: Ensures consistently low-metal rice, protecting downstream products. For example, sourcing rice exclusively from regions like Malawi/Tanzania (ultra-low As/Cd)[60] could nearly eliminate heavy metal risk at some added logistic cost. Certified “Heavy Metal Tested” suppliers provide documentation that can reduce a retailer’s liability and insurance costs (fewer failures means a lower risk pool).
Intensive supplier qualification & certification – Frequent auditing and third-party testing of suppliers for heavy metals	Cost: Laboratory analysis per lot (~$100–200 each) and potential warehouse holding time; Benefit: Catches any non-compliant lot before use. Given ~5% of global rice lots may breach As/Cd limits,[61] skipping lot tests could easily let an unsafe batch slip through, triggering a recall ($10M+ cost).[62] Test-and-hold effectively reduces recall probability by ensuring each lot meets spec before release – an immediate savings if even one recall is prevented over the years.
Incoming lot “test-and-hold” versus skip-lot testing – Testing every lot with quarantine until results clear, vs periodic testing	Cost: Laboratory analysis per lot (~$100–200 each) and potential warehouse holding time; Benefit: Catches any non-compliant lot before use. Given ~5% of global rice lots may breach As/Cd limits,[63] skipping lot tests could easily let an unsafe batch slip through, triggering a recall ($10M+ cost).[64] Test-and-hold effectively reduces recall probability by ensuring each lot meets spec before release – an immediate savings if even one recall is prevented over the years.
Third-party heavy metal certification on label – Opt for an external certification program and use its mark on the product	Cost: Certification fees, ongoing compliance testing, minor reformulation if needed; Benefit: Marketing edge (assures consumers and retailers of extra safety), and potentially negotiates lower recall insurance premiums. While difficult to quantify, enhanced brand trust can translate to sustained sales, and the certification process itself often flags issues early (preventing costly late-stage interventions). In an era of heightened scrutiny (e.g., baby food heavy metal reports), such certification tangibly reduces the risk of becoming a target of regulatory enforcement or lawsuits.[65]

Table 5: Economic considerations for heavy metal control in rice products. Each decision entails upfront costs that are weighed against the reduction in recall risk and long-term savings. Figures in citations illustrate the magnitude of risk or benefit (e.g., recall costs, prevalence rates).

Integrated Remediation and Control

A practical, evidence-based remediation strategy begins upstream and prioritizes source control. Growers should pair cultivar selection for low As/Cd accumulation with water management that alternates wetting and drying to suppress arsenic mobilization without inducing cadmium uptake, use clean or treated irrigation sources, and correct acidic soils with liming where cadmium risk dominates. Field-level geospatial testing enables segregation or exclusion of hotspots, while targeted amendments such as iron oxides or validated biochars can immobilize available metals in situ. These agronomic controls are implemented with verification sampling of grain at harvest to confirm that lot medians already trend below intended specifications.

Downstream, manufacturers should privilege bran removal where nutrition profiles allow, and apply validated leaching operations—rigorous rinsing and high water-to-rice cooking, or modified parboil-and-absorb methods—to further lower inorganic arsenic without compromising product functionality. Where rice is used as an input into flours or cereal matrices, process design should include unit operations that prevent cross-lot carryover, and blending must be governed by statistically sound sampling so that dilution never masks outliers. A test-and-hold release system using ICP-MS or ICP-OES on composite and, when indicated, individual-lot samples enforces decision rules aligned to use case: child-focused products adopt tighter internal limits for inorganic arsenic and cadmium, while general-use ingredients remain below broader specifications with a defined AQL. Embedding these controls in supplier qualification and continuous monitoring programs creates a closed feedback loop—lots that approach action limits trigger corrective actions at the field or process step—thereby reducing recall exposure while maintaining consistent, certifiable compliance.

References

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28. Rice grain cadmium concentrations in the global supply-chain.. Shi Z, Carey M, Meharg C, Williams PN, Signes-Pastor AJ, Triwardhani EA, Pandiangan FI, Campbell K, Elliott C, Marwa EM, Jiujin X, Gomes Farias J, Nicoloso FT, De Silva PMCS, Lu Y, Norton G, Adomako E, Green AJ, Moreno-Jiménez E, Zhu Y, Carbonell-Barrachina ÁA, Haris PI, Lawgali YF, Sommella A, Pigna M, Brabet C, Montet D, Njira K, Watts MJ, Hossain M, Islam MR, Tapia Y, Oporto C, Meharg AA.. (Exposure and Health. 2020)
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31. Arsenic and cadmium accumulation in rice and mitigation strategies.. Zhao F-J, Wang P.. (Plant Soil. 2020)
32. Effects of Water Management on Cadmium and Arsenic Accumulation and Dimethylarsinic Acid Concentrations in Japanese Rice.. Arao T, Kawasaki A, Baba K, Mori S, Matsumoto S.. (Environ Sci Technol. 2009)
33. Arsenic and cadmium accumulation in rice and mitigation strategies.. Zhao F-J, Wang P.. (Plant Soil. 2020)
34. Arsenic and cadmium accumulation in rice and mitigation strategies.. Zhao F-J, Wang P.. (Plant Soil. 2020)
35. Arsenic and cadmium accumulation in rice and mitigation strategies.. Zhao F-J, Wang P.. (Plant Soil. 2020)
36. Arsenic and cadmium accumulation in rice and mitigation strategies.. Zhao F-J, Wang P.. (Plant Soil. 2020)
37. Rice grain cadmium concentrations in the global supply-chain.. Shi Z, Carey M, Meharg C, Williams PN, Signes-Pastor AJ, Triwardhani EA, Pandiangan FI, Campbell K, Elliott C, Marwa EM, Jiujin X, Gomes Farias J, Nicoloso FT, De Silva PMCS, Lu Y, Norton G, Adomako E, Green AJ, Moreno-Jiménez E, Zhu Y, Carbonell-Barrachina ÁA, Haris PI, Lawgali YF, Sommella A, Pigna M, Brabet C, Montet D, Njira K, Watts MJ, Hossain M, Islam MR, Tapia Y, Oporto C, Meharg AA.. (Exposure and Health. 2020)
38. Arsenic in Rice Agro-Ecosystem: Solutions for Safe and Sustainable Rice Production.. Upadhyay MK, Majumdar A, Suresh Kumar J, Srivastava S.. (Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems. 2020)
39. Arsenic and cadmium contents in Brazilian rice from different origins can vary more than two orders of magnitude.. Kato LS, De Nadai Fernandes EA, Raab A, Bacchi MA, Feldmann J.. (Food Chemistry. 2019)
40. Rice grain cadmium concentrations in the global supply-chain.. Shi Z, Carey M, Meharg C, Williams PN, Signes-Pastor AJ, Triwardhani EA, Pandiangan FI, Campbell K, Elliott C, Marwa EM, Jiujin X, Gomes Farias J, Nicoloso FT, De Silva PMCS, Lu Y, Norton G, Adomako E, Green AJ, Moreno-Jiménez E, Zhu Y, Carbonell-Barrachina ÁA, Haris PI, Lawgali YF, Sommella A, Pigna M, Brabet C, Montet D, Njira K, Watts MJ, Hossain M, Islam MR, Tapia Y, Oporto C, Meharg AA.. (Exposure and Health. 2020)
41. Rethinking Rice Preparation for Highly Efficient Removal of Inorganic Arsenic Using Percolating Cooking Water.. Carey M, Jiujin X, Gomes Farias J, Meharg AA.. (PLoS ONE. 2015)
42. Improved rice cooking approach to maximise arsenic removal while preserving nutrient elements.. Menon, M., Dong, W., Chen, X., Hufton, J., & Rhodes, E.J.. (Science of the Total Environment,)
43. Toxic and Essential Elements in Rice and Other Grains from the United States and Other Countries.. TatahMentan M, Nyachoti S, Scott L, Phan N, Okwori FO, Felemban N, Godebo TR.. (Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020)
44. Improved rice cooking approach to maximise arsenic removal while preserving nutrient elements.. Menon, M., Dong, W., Chen, X., Hufton, J., & Rhodes, E.J.. (Science of the Total Environment,)
45. Improved rice cooking approach to maximise arsenic removal while preserving nutrient elements.. Menon, M., Dong, W., Chen, X., Hufton, J., & Rhodes, E.J.. (Science of the Total Environment,)
46. Risk and benefit of different cooking methods on essential elements and arsenic in rice.. Mwale T, Rahman MM, Mondal D.. (Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018)
47. Improved rice cooking approach to maximise arsenic removal while preserving nutrient elements.. Menon, M., Dong, W., Chen, X., Hufton, J., & Rhodes, E.J.. (Science of the Total Environment,)
48. Rice grain cadmium concentrations in the global supply-chain.. Shi Z, Carey M, Meharg C, Williams PN, Signes-Pastor AJ, Triwardhani EA, Pandiangan FI, Campbell K, Elliott C, Marwa EM, Jiujin X, Gomes Farias J, Nicoloso FT, De Silva PMCS, Lu Y, Norton G, Adomako E, Green AJ, Moreno-Jiménez E, Zhu Y, Carbonell-Barrachina ÁA, Haris PI, Lawgali YF, Sommella A, Pigna M, Brabet C, Montet D, Njira K, Watts MJ, Hossain M, Islam MR, Tapia Y, Oporto C, Meharg AA.. (Exposure and Health. 2020)
49. Rice grain cadmium concentrations in the global supply-chain.. Shi Z, Carey M, Meharg C, Williams PN, Signes-Pastor AJ, Triwardhani EA, Pandiangan FI, Campbell K, Elliott C, Marwa EM, Jiujin X, Gomes Farias J, Nicoloso FT, De Silva PMCS, Lu Y, Norton G, Adomako E, Green AJ, Moreno-Jiménez E, Zhu Y, Carbonell-Barrachina ÁA, Haris PI, Lawgali YF, Sommella A, Pigna M, Brabet C, Montet D, Njira K, Watts MJ, Hossain M, Islam MR, Tapia Y, Oporto C, Meharg AA.. (Exposure and Health. 2020)
50. Baby Foods Are Tainted with Dangerous Levels of Arsenic, Lead, Cadmium, and Mercury: Staff Report.. U.S. House of Representatives, Subcommittee on Economic and Consumer Policy, Committee on Oversight and Reform.. (Staff Report. February 4, 2021)
51. Arsenic in Rice Agro-Ecosystem: Solutions for Safe and Sustainable Rice Production.. Upadhyay MK, Majumdar A, Suresh Kumar J, Srivastava S.. (Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems. 2020)
52. Global Sourcing of Low-Inorganic Arsenic Rice Grain.. Carey M, Meharg C, Williams P, Marwa E, Jiujin X, Gomes Farias J, De Silva PMCS, Signes-Pastor A, Lu Y, Nicoloso FT, Savage L, Campbell K, Elliott C, Adomako E, Green AJ, Moreno-Jiménez E, Carbonell-Barrachina AA, Triwardhani EA, Pandiangan FI, Haris PI, Lawgali YF, Sommella A, Pigna M, Brabet C, Montet D, Njira K, Watts MJ, Meharg AA.. (Exposure and Health. 2020)
53. Arsenic and cadmium contents in Brazilian rice from different origins can vary more than two orders of magnitude.. Kato LS, De Nadai Fernandes EA, Raab A, Bacchi MA, Feldmann J.. (Food Chemistry. 2019)
54. Rice grain cadmium concentrations in the global supply-chain.. Shi Z, Carey M, Meharg C, Williams PN, Signes-Pastor AJ, Triwardhani EA, Pandiangan FI, Campbell K, Elliott C, Marwa EM, Jiujin X, Gomes Farias J, Nicoloso FT, De Silva PMCS, Lu Y, Norton G, Adomako E, Green AJ, Moreno-Jiménez E, Zhu Y, Carbonell-Barrachina ÁA, Haris PI, Lawgali YF, Sommella A, Pigna M, Brabet C, Montet D, Njira K, Watts MJ, Hossain M, Islam MR, Tapia Y, Oporto C, Meharg AA.. (Exposure and Health. 2020)
55. Arsenic and cadmium contents in Brazilian rice from different origins can vary more than two orders of magnitude.. Kato LS, De Nadai Fernandes EA, Raab A, Bacchi MA, Feldmann J.. (Food Chemistry. 2019)
56. Arsenic and cadmium contents in Brazilian rice from different origins can vary more than two orders of magnitude.. Kato LS, De Nadai Fernandes EA, Raab A, Bacchi MA, Feldmann J.. (Food Chemistry. 2019)
57. Rice grain cadmium concentrations in the global supply-chain.. Shi Z, Carey M, Meharg C, Williams PN, Signes-Pastor AJ, Triwardhani EA, Pandiangan FI, Campbell K, Elliott C, Marwa EM, Jiujin X, Gomes Farias J, Nicoloso FT, De Silva PMCS, Lu Y, Norton G, Adomako E, Green AJ, Moreno-Jiménez E, Zhu Y, Carbonell-Barrachina ÁA, Haris PI, Lawgali YF, Sommella A, Pigna M, Brabet C, Montet D, Njira K, Watts MJ, Hossain M, Islam MR, Tapia Y, Oporto C, Meharg AA.. (Exposure and Health. 2020)
58. Rice grain cadmium concentrations in the global supply-chain.. Shi Z, Carey M, Meharg C, Williams PN, Signes-Pastor AJ, Triwardhani EA, Pandiangan FI, Campbell K, Elliott C, Marwa EM, Jiujin X, Gomes Farias J, Nicoloso FT, De Silva PMCS, Lu Y, Norton G, Adomako E, Green AJ, Moreno-Jiménez E, Zhu Y, Carbonell-Barrachina ÁA, Haris PI, Lawgali YF, Sommella A, Pigna M, Brabet C, Montet D, Njira K, Watts MJ, Hossain M, Islam MR, Tapia Y, Oporto C, Meharg AA.. (Exposure and Health. 2020)
59. Monetizing the impact of food safety recalls on the low-moisture food industry.. Gomez CB, Marks BP.. (Journal of Food Protection. 2020)
60. Rice grain cadmium concentrations in the global supply-chain.. Shi Z, Carey M, Meharg C, Williams PN, Signes-Pastor AJ, Triwardhani EA, Pandiangan FI, Campbell K, Elliott C, Marwa EM, Jiujin X, Gomes Farias J, Nicoloso FT, De Silva PMCS, Lu Y, Norton G, Adomako E, Green AJ, Moreno-Jiménez E, Zhu Y, Carbonell-Barrachina ÁA, Haris PI, Lawgali YF, Sommella A, Pigna M, Brabet C, Montet D, Njira K, Watts MJ, Hossain M, Islam MR, Tapia Y, Oporto C, Meharg AA.. (Exposure and Health. 2020)
61. Rice grain cadmium concentrations in the global supply-chain.. Shi Z, Carey M, Meharg C, Williams PN, Signes-Pastor AJ, Triwardhani EA, Pandiangan FI, Campbell K, Elliott C, Marwa EM, Jiujin X, Gomes Farias J, Nicoloso FT, De Silva PMCS, Lu Y, Norton G, Adomako E, Green AJ, Moreno-Jiménez E, Zhu Y, Carbonell-Barrachina ÁA, Haris PI, Lawgali YF, Sommella A, Pigna M, Brabet C, Montet D, Njira K, Watts MJ, Hossain M, Islam MR, Tapia Y, Oporto C, Meharg AA.. (Exposure and Health. 2020)
62. Monetizing the impact of food safety recalls on the low-moisture food industry.. Gomez CB, Marks BP.. (Journal of Food Protection. 2020)
63. Rice grain cadmium concentrations in the global supply-chain.. Shi Z, Carey M, Meharg C, Williams PN, Signes-Pastor AJ, Triwardhani EA, Pandiangan FI, Campbell K, Elliott C, Marwa EM, Jiujin X, Gomes Farias J, Nicoloso FT, De Silva PMCS, Lu Y, Norton G, Adomako E, Green AJ, Moreno-Jiménez E, Zhu Y, Carbonell-Barrachina ÁA, Haris PI, Lawgali YF, Sommella A, Pigna M, Brabet C, Montet D, Njira K, Watts MJ, Hossain M, Islam MR, Tapia Y, Oporto C, Meharg AA.. (Exposure and Health. 2020)
64. Monetizing the impact of food safety recalls on the low-moisture food industry.. Gomez CB, Marks BP.. (Journal of Food Protection. 2020)
65. Baby Foods Are Tainted with Dangerous Levels of Arsenic, Lead, Cadmium, and Mercury: Staff Report.. U.S. House of Representatives, Subcommittee on Economic and Consumer Policy, Committee on Oversight and Reform.. (Staff Report. February 4, 2021)