Did you know?
Arsenic ranks No. 1 on the ATSDR’s substance priority list. In many regions, groundwater arsenic levels far exceed the EPA and WHO limit of 10 µg/L, and exposures below this “safe” level still impair infant growth.
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Arsenic is a naturally occurring metalloid that ranks first on the ATSDR toxic substances list. Inorganic arsenic contaminates water, rice and consumer products, and exposure is linked to cardiovascular disease, cognitive deficits, low birth weight and cancer. HMTC’s stringent certification applies ALARA principles to protect vulnerable populations.
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Our team of researchers are constantly monitoring and summarizing the latest research,
and we continue to update our pages to ensure you have the most accurate information.
Note on the last update: One new meta analysis added
Arsenic is a metalloid that occupies the top position on the U.S. Agency for Toxic Substances & Disease Registry (ATSDR) substance priority list, surpassing even lead and mercury.[1] It occurs naturally in rocks and soils and is mobilized by industrial activities such as mining, smelting, and the manufacture of pesticides. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the World Health Organization (WHO) have set a maximum contaminant level of 10 µg/L for drinking water.[2][3] Yet, more than 100 million people worldwide still rely on contaminated wells. Chronic exposure to inorganic arsenic is associated with significant health issues, making it a key metal in the Heavy Metal Tested & Certified (HMTC) Top-8 certification program.
Arsenic exists as trivalent arsenite (As III) and pentavalent arsenate (As V) in inorganic form and as organo‑arsenicals such as arsenobetaine, dimethylarsinic acid (DMA), monomethylarsonic acid (MMA) and arsenosugars.[4][5] Inorganic species lack a carbon–arsenic bond and are considerably more toxic than organic arsenic; some methylated forms (DMA and MMA) may still pose health concerns. [6]Naturally occurring arsenic leaches from bedrock into groundwater in geologically susceptible regions, and anthropogenic activities such as mining, coal combustion, chromated‑copper‑arsenate lumber, herbicide/pesticide manufacture, glass production and semiconductor processing raise local soil and water concentrations.[7] Food has become a major exposure source: rice accumulates arsenic from flooded soils, seafood contains organo‑arsenicals and some seaweeds accumulate inorganic arsenic, and arsenic has been detected in apple juice, pear juice, wines and herbal supplements.[8] Because inorganic arsenic is genotoxic and disrupts cellular signaling and epigenetic regulation, chronic exposure from environmental, dietary and industrial sources contributes to cancers, cardiovascular disease and neurodevelopmental deficits.[9]
Human arsenic exposure arises from multiple pathways. In regions with naturally high arsenic, private wells and poorly regulated public supplies may contain tens to hundreds of micrograms per liter of inorganic arsenic, well above the 10 µg/L drinking‑water guideline.[10] Diet is another key route: rice and rice‑based foods accumulate inorganic arsenic, and rice‑based infant cereals often contain the highest concentrations.[11] Seafood and certain seaweeds mainly contribute organo‑arsenicals such as arsenobetaine and arsenosugars.[12] Occupational exposures occur in mining, smelting, wood‑treatment, and semiconductor fabrication, where arsenic‑laden dust is inhaled.[13]
| Exposure Category | Supporting Research Evidence |
|---|---|
| Environmental | Arsenic exposure occurs mainly through contaminated drinking water, particularly in regions with naturally high concentrations.[14] Groundwater, especially from private wells, can exceed the EPA/WHO guideline of 10 µg/L, posing significant risks to populations relying on unregulated water sources.[15][16] Arsenic is also a byproduct of industrial activities such as mining and coal combustion, contaminating surrounding environments.[17] |
| Dietary | Rice, seafood, and herbal supplements are key sources of dietary arsenic exposure.[18] Rice absorbs arsenic from contaminated water and soil, especially in flooded fields, and rice-based baby foods are a significant concern due to high levels of inorganic arsenic. Seafood typically contains organic arsenic, which is less toxic, but certain seaweeds and fish can accumulate inorganic arsenic, posing health risks.[19] |
| Occupational | Occupational exposure occurs in industries such as mining, glass manufacturing, and semiconductor production, where workers inhale arsenic-laden dust.[20] The arsenic in these settings is typically airborne, contributing to long-term health issues like lung and bladder cancers. Smokers and those exposed to diesel exhaust face even greater risks due to the synergistic effects of arsenic and other carcinogens. |
Arsenic exposure is associated with a wide range of systemic toxic effects, with evidence highlighting its detrimental impact on vulnerable groups, including infants, children, and pregnant women.[21] Recent studies have shown that even low-to-moderate levels of arsenic exposure can lead to significant health problems, including cardiovascular disease, neurodevelopmental impairments, and adverse birth outcomes.[22][23] Chronic exposure to inorganic arsenic has been linked to several types of cancer, as well as to metabolic and vascular diseases. The mechanisms behind the toxic effects of arsenic involves the generation of reactive oxygen species, DNA damage, and disruption of endocrine regulation, with long-term effects on immune and cardiovascular systems.[24]
| Health Effect | Supporting Research (Author, Year, Journal) |
|---|---|
| Stroke and ischemic heart disease | Urinary arsenic was positively associated with stroke incidence (RR 1.62) and ischemic heart disease (RR 1.37).[25] This systematic review also found that arsenic exposure contributed to increased mortality from ischemic heart disease and acute myocardial infarction (AMI) when ecological studies were excluded.[26] The analysis suggested that both men and women experienced higher risks, especially at low-to-moderate levels of exposure (<100 µg l).[27] |
| Cognitive impairment/IQ reduction | A systematic review synthesized studies from diverse cohorts across Bangladesh, China, and other regions and found that higher arsenic exposure consistently led to lower IQ scores, memory impairment, and poor processing speed in children, even after adjusting for socioeconomic factors.[28] |
| Low birth weight and shorter gestation | Prenatal exposure to arsenic concentrations below the EPA’s 10 µg/L standard were associated with reduced birth-weight-for-gestational-age z scores and increased risk of low birth weight.[29] |
| Skin, lung, bladder, kidney cancers | Arsenic is classified as a Group 1 human carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer.[30] Long-term arsenic exposure causes cancers of the skin, lung, bladder, kidney, and liver. The mechanisms include the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), DNA damage, and interference with DNA repair, leading to mutations and carcinogenesis.[31] |
| Skin lesions | Chronic arsenic exposure is associated with skin lesions, including keratosis and hyperkeratosis, which are sensitive biomarkers of arsenic toxicity. Skin lesions often precede other systemic health effects and can be used to detect early arsenic toxicity.[32] |
| Hypertension and vascular disease | Chronic arsenic exposure has been linked to hypertension and coronary disease, with epidemiological studies showing a higher incidence of cardiovascular issues in populations with prolonged exposure to arsenic, especially in drinking water.[33] Arsenic exposure disrupts vascular function, leading to endothelial dysfunction and an increased risk of developing atherosclerosis, hypertension, and related cardiovascular diseases.[34] |
| Diabetes and endocrine dysfunction | Long-term exposure to inorganic arsenic has been associated with metabolic disorders, including diabetes. The FDA reports that arsenic disrupts endocrine function, potentially altering insulin signaling pathways and leading to insulin resistance, which is a precursor to diabetes.[35] Epidemiological studies have consistently shown that populations with higher arsenic exposure have elevated rates of type 2 diabetes, further supporting arsenic’s role in metabolic dysfunction.[36] |
Arsenic is a toxic element that can be found in several everyday products. It poses potential risks to human health through its presence in food, beverages, supplements, and even certain occupational settings. Key industries and consumer products can expose individuals to arsenic, often through contamination or as a result of regulatory gaps.
| Products | Consumer Relevance |
|---|---|
| Rice and Baby Foods | Rice absorbs arsenic from soil and irrigation, with baby foods containing rice posing risks.[37] EU limits arsenic in baby foods to 0.1 mg/kg; FDA sets limits at 100 µg/kg for rice cereal. Rice cakes and rice flours may exceed these limits. |
| Apple Juice and Fruit | Inorganic arsenic has been found in apple juices, with the FDA proposing a 10 ppb action level; regulations are still evolving.[38] |
| Seafood and Seaweed | Seafood mostly contains non-toxic arsenic, but some seaweeds accumulate toxic forms like arsenosugars.[39] |
| Herbal and Dietary Supplements | Some Ayurvedic and traditional medicines are contaminated with arsenic, highlighting the need for third-party testing.[40] |
| Occupational Settings | Workers in mining, smelting, and semiconductor industries are at risk. Treated wood from older structures can release arsenic-laden dust.[41] |
EPA and WHO limit inorganic arsenic in public drinking water to 10 µg/L (10 ppb).[42] Private wells are unregulated. The EU Regulation 2023/915 sets maximum levels of inorganic arsenic in polished rice (0.15 mg/kg), parboiled rice (0.25 mg/kg) and rice intended for infant foods (0.1 mg/kg).[43] Rice cakes and rice flours have MRLs of 0.3 mg/kg and 0.25 mg/kg, respectively.[44] FDA’s action level for infant rice cereal is 100 µg/kg; no binding limits yet exist for other foods.[45] OSHA limits airborne arsenic to 10 µg/m³.[46] Standards focus on drinking water and rice but neglect other foods and supplements. Emerging evidence shows adverse birth outcomes at arsenic levels below current drinking water limits, suggesting the MCL is not sufficiently protective. Organic arsenic species (DMA/MMA) lack clear regulatory thresholds despite potential toxicity
The HMTC program adopts the As Low As Reasonably Achievable (ALARA) principle for arsenic. Certified products undergo stringent testing for total and inorganic arsenic in raw materials, finished goods and packaging. By targeting lower action limits than regulatory requirements, HMTC protects consumers, especially infants and pregnant individuals, from subtle but significant health risks. Brands that achieve HMTC certification demonstrate transparency and leadership, positioning themselves ahead of tightening regulations and earning trust among clinicians and parents. With global awareness of arsenic’s health impacts rising, proactive testing and disclosure will be essential to differentiate safe products.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
This review details how toxic and essential heavy metals interact metabolically with the gut microbiota, influencing absorption, toxicity, and health outcomes. Findings emphasize bidirectional effects, the risks of combined exposures, and the importance of microbiome health in heavy metal safety certification.
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Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
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The ALARA principle (“As Low As Reasonably Achievable”) is a safety standard that minimizes harmful exposures like heavy metals beyond regulatory compliance. By applying continuous reduction practices, it ensures food and consumer products meet the lowest feasible contamination levels, protecting vulnerable populations from cumulative risks.
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Organoarsenicals in Seafood: Occurrence, Dietary Exposure, Toxicity, and Risk Assessment Considerations — A Review.Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 68(4), 943.
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Arsenic and cancer: Evidence and mechanisms.Advances in Pharmacology (San Diego, Calif.), 96, 151.
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Toxicology of Airborne Inorganic Arsenic: Oxidative Stress, Molecular Mechanisms, and Organ-Specific Pathologies.Toxics, 13(9), 753.
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Arsenic and Cardiovascular Disease.Toxicological Sciences, 107(2), 312.
Read ReviewKirkley, A. G., Carmean, C. M., Ruiz, D., Ye, H., Regnier, S. M., Poudel, A., Hara, M., Kamau, W., Johnson, D. N., Roberts, A. A., Parsons, P. J., Seino, S., & Sargis, R. M. (2017).
Arsenic exposure induces glucose intolerance and alters global energy metabolism.American Journal of Physiology - Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 314(2), R294.
Read ReviewDai, L., Lv, X., Chen, Z., Huang, Z., Li, B., Xie, Y., Duan, Y., Zhao, H., Wang, Y., Yu, Q., Li, S., Zhou, Y., & Shen, X. (2020).
Elevated whole blood arsenic level is associated with type 2 diabetes in coal-burning areas in Guizhou.Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 403, 115135.
Read ReviewRajkowska-Myśliwiec, M., Ciemniak, A., & Karp, G. (2024).
Arsenic in Rice and Rice-Based Products with Regard to Consumer Health.Foods, 13(19), 3153.
Read ReviewNachman, K. E., Ginsberg, G. L., Miller, M. D., Murray, C. J., Nigra, A. E., & Pendergrast, C. B. (2017).
Mitigating dietary arsenic exposure: Current status in the United States and recommendations for an improved path forward.Science of The Total Environment, 581-582, 221-236.
Read ReviewLuvonga, C., Rimmer, C. A., Yu, L. L., & Lee, S. B. (2020).
Organoarsenicals in Seafood: Occurrence, Dietary Exposure, Toxicity, and Risk Assessment Considerations — A Review.Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 68(4), 943.
Read ReviewMikulski, M. A., Wichman, M. D., Simmons, D. L., Pham, A. N., Clottey, V., & Fuortes, L. J. (2018).
Toxic metals in ayurvedic preparations from a public health lead poisoning cluster investigation.International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health, 23(3), 187.
Martin, R., Dowling, K., Pearce, D., Sillitoe, J., & Florentine, S. (2014).
Health Effects Associated with Inhalation of Airborne Arsenic Arising from Mining Operations.Geosciences, 4(3), 128-175.
Read ReviewSpeer, R. M., Zhou, X., Volk, L. B., Liu, K. J., & Hudson, L. G. (2022).
Arsenic and cancer: Evidence and mechanisms.Advances in Pharmacology (San Diego, Calif.), 96, 151.
Read ReviewRajkowska-Myśliwiec, M., Ciemniak, A., & Karp, G. (2024).
Arsenic in Rice and Rice-Based Products with Regard to Consumer Health.Foods, 13(19), 3153.
Read ReviewRajkowska-Myśliwiec, M., Ciemniak, A., & Karp, G. (2024).
Arsenic in Rice and Rice-Based Products with Regard to Consumer Health.Foods, 13(19), 3153.
Read ReviewRajkowska-Myśliwiec, M., Ciemniak, A., & Karp, G. (2024).
Arsenic in Rice and Rice-Based Products with Regard to Consumer Health.Foods, 13(19), 3153.
Read ReviewSpeer, R. M., Zhou, X., Volk, L. B., Liu, K. J., & Hudson, L. G. (2022).
Arsenic and cancer: Evidence and mechanisms.Advances in Pharmacology (San Diego, Calif.), 96, 151.
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