Did you know?
An average adult in the United States eats about 7–9 mg of aluminum per day in their food. Even though the human body has no biological need for this metal. Aluminum is so omnipresent that trace amounts are found in almost everyone, yet it can accumulate over time, which is why even “low” exposures are worth reducing.
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Aluminum is a pervasive metal found in a wide range of consumer products, from food packaging and cookware to medications and personal care items. Although often overlooked, aluminum exposure can accumulate over time, posing long-term health risks, especially to vulnerable populations like infants, children, and individuals with kidney conditions.
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Aluminum is a ubiquitous metal that people encounter daily through food, water, and consumer products. It ranks among the top metals of concern in public health due to its widespread use and potential toxicity. Aluminum has no known biological function in the human body, yet it can accumulate in tissues over time.[1] Prolonged exposure has been linked to neurological and bone disorders, especially in vulnerable populations like infants and kidney patients.[2] For these reasons, the Heavy Metal Tested & Certified (HMTC) program includes aluminum in its “Top 8” metals to monitor and minimize. Proactively controlling aluminum exposure is essential to safeguard infants, children, and consumers and to stay ahead of emerging regulatory scrutiny.
Aluminum (Al) is a silvery-white, lightweight metal and the most abundant metal in Earth’s crust (8%).[3] It is not found in pure form in nature due to its reactivity, existing instead as Al³⁺ compounds like aluminum oxides, hydroxides, and sulfates in soil, rocks, and clays.[4] Industrially, refining bauxite ore produces metallic aluminum, which is used in products such as beverage cans, foil, and cookware. Aluminum compounds, including alum (aluminum sulfate), are used in water treatment and as food additives and pharmaceuticals.[5] Only a small fraction of ingested aluminum is absorbed into the bloodstream, and healthy kidneys excrete most of it.[6] However, problems arise with high or prolonged exposure, or when excretion is impaired. Aluminum’s Al³⁺ ions bind strongly to biological molecules, disrupting cellular functions.[7] This can lead to accumulation in tissues like bone and generate oxidative stress, damaging proteins and DNA, which is linked to neurological damage and other toxic effects.[8][9]
The omnipresence of aluminum means everyone has some exposure. But because of its potential to accumulate and interfere with cellular processes, chronic exposure is a public health concern, especially for populations that are more susceptible to its effects.[10] Exposure sources are categorized into three main pathways: dietary, environmental, and occupational. For most people, diet is the main aluminum source, whereas industrial workers receive much higher exposures than the general population.
| Exposure Pathway | Examples and Routes |
|---|---|
| Dietary | An average adult in the United States consumes about 7–9 mg of aluminum per day from food and beverages.[11] Some foods are notable contributors. For example, grain products may contain aluminum from leavening agents, and tea leaves naturally accumulate aluminum from soil.[12] Vegetables also take up more aluminum.[13] Even infant formula has been found to contain aluminum in some cases (from ingredients and packaging), making it a source of early-life exposure.[14] |
| Environmental | Drinking water generally contributes only a minor portion of aluminum intake (usually <5%). Aluminum may be present in tap water if aluminum sulfate was used in treatment, but water utilities aim to keep residual levels low.[15] A recent study showed that cooking meals wrapped in aluminum foil can measurably raise the aluminum levels in the food and subsequently in the person’s body.[16] Medications and personal care products like antacids and antiperspirant deodorants can also be significant hidden sources of exposure. |
| Occupational | Workers in aluminum smelting plants, foundries, or fabrication facilities may inhale aluminum oxide dust or fumes.[17] Welders using aluminum can inhale fine particulate. Over months and years, this inhaled aluminum can deposit in the lungs and enter circulation.[18] Occupational studies have noted that aluminum dust exposure is linked to lung changes and reduced lung function in long-term workers.[19] Industrial exposures can also elevate blood and urine aluminum well above normal, which in some cases has led to cognitive effects. |
Aluminum’s health effects have been studied in both toxicological research and human epidemiological studies. Evidence indicates that chronic aluminum exposure can harm multiple organ systems, with the nervous system and skeletal system being primary targets.[20] The weight of evidence shows that aluminum is not harmless. It is a bio-accumulative toxicant with effects documented in both clinical settings and population studies. The diverse health impacts, from learning deficits in children to potential contributions to neurodegenerative disease and bone frailty, highlight the importance of controlling contamination in foods, supplements, and consumer products.[21]
| Health Effect | Evidence and Mechanisms |
|---|---|
| Neurological Effects | Aluminum is a neurotoxin at high concentrations. Long-term dialysis patients with aluminum-contaminated fluids developed encephalopathy from aluminum accumulating in the brain.[22] In infants, early exposure, especially via intravenous nutrition, has been linked to lower neurodevelopmental scores. Studies show that each day of high aluminum exposure in preterm infants was associated with cognitive score reductions.[23] Studies have also linked aluminum to neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s, though causality is debated.[24] |
| Bone and Skeletal Effects | Aluminum interferes with bone mineralization, leading to osteomalacia, particularly in cases of chronic aluminum exposure[25]. This was initially noted in dialysis patients where aluminum accumulated in bone tissue and bound phosphate, preventing proper bone mineral formation.[26] High aluminum exposure in children, especially those with kidney disease, can impair bone growth. A review concluded that aluminum exposure from parenteral nutrition in neonates impairs bone mineralization.[27] |
| Immune System Effects | Excess aluminum has been shown to disrupt immune cell function in laboratory studies, causing inflammation and reduced macrophage activity.[28][29] Aluminum adjuvants in vaccines can cause local inflammatory nodules in some individuals, but widespread immune dysfunction is not typically observed from typical exposures.[30] |
| Respiratory Effects | Inhaled aluminum dust from occupational exposure can cause chronic lung inflammation.[31] Prolonged exposure can lead to aluminosis, a fibrotic lung condition with symptoms like coughing and reduced pulmonary function.[32] Animal studies confirm that aluminum particulates cause lung fibrosis and damage airway cells.[33] |
| Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity | High doses of aluminum in animal studies have shown potential harm to the developing nervous system and reproductive organs.[34] Although human data is inconclusive, aluminum can cross the placenta and could affect fetal development.[35] Pregnant women with high aluminum exposure, such as from antacids or environmental sources, may be at risk. |
| Vulnerable Groups (Infants, Pregnant Women, Renal Patients) | Infants and young children are highly vulnerable to aluminum toxicity due to their immature detoxification systems and rapidly developing brains and bones.[36] Formula-fed infants or those needing intravenous feeding are at particular risk for aluminum accumulation. Pregnant women and the fetus may also be impacted due to aluminum crossing the placenta.[37] Patients with kidney impairment (including those on dialysis) cannot clear aluminum efficiently, leading to higher levels and potential damage to the brain and bones.[38] |
Aluminum exposure is often hidden in plain sight, with many consumer products containing aluminum without clear labeling or warnings. From food additives like baking powder to personal care items such as deodorants and over-the-counter medications like antacids, aluminum is an ingredient many consumers overlook.[39] This hidden exposure can contribute to a gradual build-up of aluminum in the body, which poses particular risks to sensitive populations such as infants, children, and those with impaired kidney function.[40] Below is a detailed table highlighting the various sources of aluminum found in consumer products and the associated risks, providing a clearer picture of where aluminum may show up in real life.
| Product/Source | Description and Evidence |
|---|---|
| Infant Formula & Baby Food | Some infant formulas, especially those based on soy, have elevated aluminum content due to ingredients and processing.[41] Babies consuming these formulas may ingest significantly more aluminum than breastfed infants.[42] Parents can check if a brand uses aluminum-containing additives. Where possible, use breastmilk or rotate formula types to diversify sources. |
| Processed Foods & Baking | Baking powder and self-rising flour often contain sodium aluminum phosphate or aluminum sulfate.[43] Processed cheese and cake mixes may use aluminum-based emulsifiers.[44] Frequent consumption of these foods can increase daily aluminum intake. |
| Cookware & Aluminum Foil | Uncoated aluminum pots, pans, and foil can leach metal when cooking.[45] To reduce risk, use anodized aluminum cookware, cast iron, stainless steel, or enamel-coated pots. When using foil, avoid contact with acidic ingredients (line with parchment paper or use a different storage wrap for marinating). |
| Canned Goods & Drinks | Aluminum canned foods are everywhere. Cans are typically lined to block aluminum, so leaching is minimal.[46] However, if a can is dented or scratched inside, or if acidic foods are stored for very long periods, some aluminum could migrate.[47] Overall, canned foods contribute only trace aluminum in most cases. |
| Antiperspirants & Cosmetics | The active ingredient in antiperspirant deodorants is usually an aluminum salt.[48] These compounds form temporary plugs in sweat ducts.[49] A small amount of aluminum from each application may penetrate the skin. For most people, this is minor, but those concerned can choose aluminum-free deodorants. |
| Medications | Antacids are a major source: e.g., one tablespoon of Maalox may contain 50–100 mg of aluminum.[50] If you rely on daily antacids or buffered aspirin, discuss alternatives with your doctor (such as calcium or magnesium-based antacids). |
The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets the standards for public water systems, including bottled water. The EPA’s recommended SMCL for aluminum in drinking water is 0.05−0.20 mg/L, based on factors like taste, odor, and color.[51] In Europe, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has set a Tolerable Weekly Intake (TWI) of 1 mg/kg body weight, noting that high aluminum intake from food additives may surpass this value in some populations.[52] Despite these regulations, food labels rarely indicate the aluminum content, making it challenging for consumers to make informed decisions. The World Health Organization (WHO) has not set a health-based guideline for aluminum in drinking water. However, recommended practical levels have been established to reduce aluminum concentrations in treated water: 0.1 mg/l or lower for large water treatment plants, and 0.2 mg/l or lower for smaller facilities.[53] Given the potential for chronic exposure, international regulatory agencies need to update their guidelines to create clearer, more universal standards, especially for vulnerable groups like infants and pregnant women.
The HMTC program applies the ALARA (As Low As Reasonably Achievable) principle to aluminum in consumer products, prioritizing the safety of infants and children, who are particularly vulnerable to heavy metal exposure. This approach is critical in a regulatory environment where aluminum limits are either non-existent or inconsistent. By enforcing stricter aluminum limits than those required by regulatory bodies, HMTC ensures that products meet the highest safety standards, offering a transparent solution for consumers concerned about hidden sources of aluminum in their daily lives. HMTC-certified products undergo rigorous testing and meet strict thresholds for aluminum content, often well below the tolerable intake levels set by agencies like the FDA, EFSA, and WHO. This provides consumers with confidence in the safety of their food, cosmetics, and healthcare products. By prioritizing the minimization of aluminum exposure, HMTC certification allows brands to stay ahead of tightening regulations, positioning them as leaders in consumer health.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
The ALARA principle (“As Low As Reasonably Achievable”) is a safety standard that minimizes harmful exposures like heavy metals beyond regulatory compliance. By applying continuous reduction practices, it ensures food and consumer products meet the lowest feasible contamination levels, protecting vulnerable populations from cumulative risks.
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Exposure to Aluminum in Drinking Water and the Risk of Developing Alzheimer’s Disease: A Bibliometric Analysis and Systematic Evaluation.Water, 16(17), 2386.
Read ReviewBojanić, N., Milenković, J., Stojanović, D., Milojković, M., Djindjić, N., & Gmijović, M. (2020).
Pathophysiological mechanisms of aluminum toxicity.Acta Medica Medianae, 59(1), 100-109.
Read ReviewObani, Ifechidere & Anyachor, Chidinma & Okereke, Ifeoma. (2023).
Preclinical and Epidemiological Mucoskeletal Evidence of Aluminium Toxicity: A Systematic Review.IPS Journal of Public Health. 3. 10-24.
Read ReviewFewtrell MS, Bishop NJ, Edmonds CJ, Isaacs EB, Lucas A.
Aluminum exposure from parenteral nutrition in preterm infants: bone health at 15-year follow-up.Pediatrics. 2009 Nov;124(5):1372-9.
Zuo Y, Lu X, Wang X, Sooranna SR, Tao L, Chen S, Li H, Huang D, Nai G, Chen H, Pan C, Huang C, Pang Y.
High-Dose Aluminum Exposure Further Alerts Immune Phenotype in Aplastic Anemia Patients.Biol Trace Elem Res. 2021 May;199(5):1743-1753.
Djouina, M., Deknuydt, F., Atrott, K., Esquerre, N., Altare, F., Neut, C., Arrieta, M. C., Kanneganti, T., Rogler, G., Colombel, J., Cortot, A., Desreumaux, P., & Vignal, C. (2014).
Aluminum enhances inflammation and decreases mucosal healing in experimental colitis in mice.Mucosal Immunology, 7(3), 589-601.
Tomljenovic L, Shaw CA.
Aluminum vaccine adjuvants: are they safe?Curr Med Chem. 2011;18(17):2630-7.
Read ReviewNeophytou AM, Costello S, Picciotto S, Noth EM, Liu S, Lutzker L, Balmes JR, Hammond K, Cullen MR, Eisen EA.
Accelerated lung function decline in an aluminium manufacturing industry cohort exposed to PM2.5: an application of the parametric g-formula.Occup Environ Med. 2019 Dec;76(12):888-894.
Read ReviewBonfiglio, R., Scimeca, M. & Mauriello, A.
The impact of aluminum exposure on human health.Arch Toxicol 97, 2997–2998 (2023).
Read ReviewHadrup, N., Sørli, J. B., Jenssen, B. M., Vogel, U., & Sharma, A. K. (2024).
Toxicity and biokinetics following pulmonary exposure to aluminium (aluminum): A review.Toxicology, 506, 153874.
Read ReviewYokel, R. A. (2020).
Aluminum reproductive toxicity: a summary and interpretation of scientific reports.Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 50(7), 551–593.
Read ReviewBadawoud MH, Abdel-Aziz G, El-Fark MM, Badawoud HM.
The Effect of Aluminum Exposure on Maternal Health and Fetal Growth in Rats.Cureus. 2022 Nov 22;14(11):e31775.
Read ReviewBair EC.
A Narrative Review of Toxic Heavy Metal Content of Infant and Toddler Foods and Evaluation of United States Policy.Front Nutr. 2022;9:919913.
Read ReviewBadawoud MH, Abdel-Aziz G, El-Fark MM, Badawoud HM.
The Effect of Aluminum Exposure on Maternal Health and Fetal Growth in Rats.Cureus. 2022 Nov 22;14(11):e31775.
Read ReviewWills MR, Savory J.
Aluminum and chronic renal failure: sources, absorption, transport, and toxicity.Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci. 1989;27(1):59-107.
Bojanić, N., Milenković, J., Stojanović, D., Milojković, M., Djindjić, N., & Gmijović, M. (2020).
Pathophysiological mechanisms of aluminum toxicity.Acta Medica Medianae, 59(1), 100-109.
Read ReviewBojanić, N., Milenković, J., Stojanović, D., Milojković, M., Djindjić, N., & Gmijović, M. (2020).
Pathophysiological mechanisms of aluminum toxicity.Acta Medica Medianae, 59(1), 100-109.
Read ReviewAlasfar RH, Isaifan RJ.
Aluminum environmental pollution: the silent killer.Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2021 Sep;28(33):44587-44597.
Read ReviewChuchu, N., Patel, B., Sebastian, B., & Exley, C. (2013).
The aluminium content of infant formulas remains too high.BMC Pediatrics, 13, 162.
Read ReviewSaiyed, Salim & Yokel, Robert. (2005).
Aluminium content of some foods and food products in the USA, with aluminium food additives.Food additives and contaminants. 22. 234-44.
Yokel, Robert & Hicks, Clair & Florence, Rebecca. (2008).
Aluminum bioavailability from basic sodium aluminum phosphate, an approved food additive emulsifying agent, incorporated in cheese.Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association. 46. 2261-6.
Hiller, J., Göen, T., Seibold-Wulf, N., Meyer, S., & Drexler, H. (2023).
Effect of an aluminum foil-processed diet on internal human aluminum burden.Environment International, 177, 108000.
Read ReviewAlmoiqli M, Alharbi KN, Alnuwaiser MA, Yajizi G, Alshoshan S, Baduways W, Albeladi MI, Alsanea RS, Aljohani TA.
Corrosion Behavior of Aluminium-Coated Cans.Materials (Basel). 2023 Jan 24;16(3):1041.
Read ReviewVeríssimo, M. I., & Gomes, M. T. S. (2008).
Aluminium migration into beverages: Are dented cans safe?Science of The Total Environment, 405(1-3), 385-388.
Read ReviewTeerasumran P, Velliou E, Bai S, Cai Q.
Deodorants and antiperspirants: New trends in their active agents and testing methods.Int J Cosmet Sci. 2023 Aug;45(4):426-443.
Read ReviewSakhawoth, Y., Dupire, J., Leonforte, F. et al.
Real time observation of the interaction between aluminium salts and sweat under microfluidic conditions.Sci Rep 11, 6376 (2021).
Read ReviewBojanić, N., Milenković, J., Stojanović, D., Milojković, M., Djindjić, N., & Gmijović, M. (2020).
Pathophysiological mechanisms of aluminum toxicity.Acta Medica Medianae, 59(1), 100-109.
Read ReviewWeisner, M. L., Harris, M. S., Mitsova, D., & Liu, W. (2023).
Drinking water disparities and aluminum concentrations: Assessing socio-spatial dimensions across an urban landscape.Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 8(1), 100536.
Read ReviewYeh, T. S., Liu, Y., Liou, P., Li, H., & Chen, C. (2016).
Investigation of aluminum content of imported candies and snack foods in Taiwan.Journal of Food and Drug Analysis, 24(4), 771-779.
Read ReviewWHO FOOD ADDITIVES SERIES: 58
Safety evaluation of certain food additives and contaminantsWorld Health Organization, Geneva, 2007. IPCS — International Programme on Chemical Safety
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